状态模式(State)允许一个对象在其内部状态改变的时候改变它的行为,对象看起来似乎修改了它的类。
举个例子,就比如我们平时在下载东西,通常就会有好几个状态,比如准备状态(ReadyState)、下载状态(DownloadingState)、暂停状态(DownloadPausedState)、下载完毕状态(DownloadedState)、失败状态(DownloadFailedState),也就是说在每个状态都只可以做当前状态才可以做的事情,而不能做其它状态能做的事儿。
由于State模式描述了下载(Download)如何在每一种状态下表现出不同的行为。这一模式的关键思想就是引入了一个叫做State的抽象类(或JS里的函数)来表示下载状态,State函数(作为原型)为每个状态的子类(继承函数)声明了一些公共接口。其每个继承函数实现与特定状态相关的行为,比如DownloadingState和DownloadedState分别实现了正在下载和下载完毕的行为。这些行为可以通过Download来来维护。
让我们来实现一把,首先定义作为其他基础函数的原型的State函数:
var State = function () { }; State.prototype.download = function () { throw new Error("该方法必须被重载!"); }; State.prototype.pause = function () { throw new Error("该方法必须被重载!"); }; State.prototype.fail = function () { throw new Error("该方法必须被重载!"); }; State.prototype.finish = function () { throw new Error("该方法必须被重载!"); };
我们为State的原型定义了4个方法接口,分别对应着下载(download)、暂停(pause)、失败(fail)、结束(finish)以便子函数可以重写。
在编写子函数之前,我们先来编写一个ReadyState函数,以便可以将状态传递给第一个download状态:
var ReadyState = function (oDownload) { State.apply(this); this.oDownload = oDownload; }; ReadyState.prototype = new State(); ReadyState.prototype.download = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadingState()); // Ready以后,可以开始下载,所以设置了Download函数里的状态获取方法 console.log("Start Download!"); }; ReadyState.prototype.pause = function () { throw new Error("还没开始下载,不能暂停!"); }; ReadyState.prototype.fail = function () { throw new Error("文件还没开始下载,怎么能说失败呢!"); }; ReadyState.prototype.finish = function () { throw new Error("文件还没开始下载,当然也不能结束了!"); };
该函数接收了一个Download维护函数的实例作为参数,Download函数用于控制状态的改变和获取(类似于中央控制器,让外部调用),ReadyState重写了原型的download方法,以便开始进行下载。我们继续来看Download函数的主要功能:
var Download = function () { this.oState = new ReadyState(this); }; Download.prototype.setState = function (oState) { this.oState = oState; }; // 对外暴露的四个公共方法,以便外部调用 Download.prototype.download = function () { this.oState.download(); }; Download.prototype.pause = function () { this.oState.pause(); }; Download.prototype.fail = function () { this.oState.fail(); }; Download.prototype.finish = function () { this.oState.finish(); }; //获取各种状态,传入当前this对象 Download.prototype.getReadyState = function () { return new ReadyState(this); }; Download.prototype.getDownloadingState = function () { return new DownloadingState(this); }; Download.prototype.getDownloadPausedState = function () { return new DownloadPausedState(this); }; Download.prototype.getDownloadedState = function () { return new DownloadedState(this); }; Download.prototype.getDownloadedFailedState = function () { return new DownloadFailedState(this); };
Download函数的原型提供了8个方法,4个是对用于下载状态的操作行为,另外4个是用于获取当前四个不同的状态,这4个方法都接收this作为参数,也就是将Download实例自身作为一个参数传递给处理该请求的状态对象(ReadyState 以及后面要实现的继承函数),这使得状态对象比必要的时候可以访问oDownlaod。
接下来,继续定义4个相关状态的函数:
var DownloadingState = function (oDownload) { State.apply(this); this.oDownload = oDownload; }; DownloadingState.prototype = new State(); DownloadingState.prototype.download = function () { throw new Error("文件已经正在下载中了!"); }; DownloadingState.prototype.pause = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadPausedState()); console.log("暂停下载!"); }; DownloadingState.prototype.fail = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadedFailedState()); console.log("下载失败!"); }; DownloadingState.prototype.finish = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadedState()); console.log("下载完毕!"); };
DownloadingState的主要注意事项就是已经正在下载的文件,不能再次开始下载了,其它的状态都可以连续进行。
var DownloadPausedState = function (oDownload) { State.apply(this); this.oDownload = oDownload; }; DownloadPausedState.prototype = new State(); DownloadPausedState.prototype.download = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadingState()); console.log("继续下载!"); }; DownloadPausedState.prototype.pause = function () { throw new Error("已经暂停了,咋还要暂停呢!"); }; DownloadPausedState.prototype.fail = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadedFailedState()); console.log("下载失败!"); }; DownloadPausedState.prototype.finish = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadedState()); console.log("下载完毕!"); };
DownloadPausedState函数里要注意的是,已经暂停的下载,不能再次暂停。
var DownloadedState = function (oDownload) { State.apply(this); this.oDownload = oDownload; }; DownloadedState.prototype = new State(); DownloadedState.prototype.download = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadingState()); console.log("重新下载!"); }; DownloadedState.prototype.pause = function () { throw new Error("对下载完了,还暂停啥?"); }; DownloadedState.prototype.fail = function () { throw new Error("都下载成功了,咋会失败呢?"); }; DownloadedState.prototype.finish = function () { throw new Error("下载成功了,不能再为成功了吧!"); };
DownloadedState函数,同理成功下载以后,不能再设置finish了,只能设置重新下载状态。
var DownloadFailedState = function (oDownload) { State.apply(this); this.oDownload = oDownload; }; DownloadFailedState.prototype = new State(); DownloadFailedState.prototype.download = function () { this.oDownload.setState(this.oDownload.getDownloadingState()); console.log("尝试重新下载!"); }; DownloadFailedState.prototype.pause = function () { throw new Error("失败的下载,也不能暂停!"); }; DownloadFailedState.prototype.fail = function () { throw new Error("都失败了,咋还失败呢!"); }; DownloadFailedState.prototype.finish = function () { throw new Error("失败的下载,肯定也不会成功!"); };同理,DownloadFailedState函数的失败状态,也不能再次失败,但可以和finished以后再次尝试重新下载。
调用测试代码,就非常简单了,我们在HTML里演示吧,首先是要了jquery,然后有3个按钮分别代表:开始下载、暂停、重新下载。(注意在Firefox里用firebug查看结果,因为用了 console.log方法)。
<html> <head> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/css/style.css" /> <title>State Pattern</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="Download.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="states/State.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="states/DownloadFailedState.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="states/DownloadPausedState.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="states/DownloadedState.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="states/DownloadingState.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="states/ReadyState.js"></script> </head> <body> <input type="button" value="开始下载" id="download_button" /> <input type="button" value="暂停" id="pause_button" /> <input type="button" value="重新下载" id="resume_button" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var oDownload = new Download(); $("#download_button").click(function () { oDownload.download(); }); $("#pause_button").click(function () { oDownload.pause(); }); $("#resume_button").click(function () { oDownload.download(); }); </script> </body> </html>
状态模式的使用场景也特别明确,有如下两点: