1、什么是异常?
首先,让我们来看看下图的例子:
在这个例子中,存在的错误码由除以0的结果。由于除以0而导致异常: ArithmeticException
HelloException.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception;
- public class HelloException {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- System.out.println("Three");
- // This division no problem.
- int value = 10 / 2;
- System.out.println("Two");
- // This division no problem.
- value = 10 / 1;
- System.out.println("One");
- // This division has problem, divided by 0.
- // An error has occurred here.
- value = 10 / 0;
- // And the following code will not be executed.
- System.out.println("Let's go!");
- }
- }
运行这个例子,得到的结果是:
可以看到控制台屏幕上的通知。错误通知是很清楚的,包括代码行的信息。
让我们通过下图中的流程看看下面的程序:
我们将修改上述实施例的代码。
HelloCatchException.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception;
- public class HelloCatchException {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- System.out.println("Three");
- // This division no problem.
- int value = 10 / 2;
- System.out.println("Two");
- // This division no problem.
- value = 10 / 1;
- System.out.println("One");
- try {
- // This division has problem, divided by 0.
- // An error has occurred here.
- value = 10 / 0;
- // And the following code will not be executed.
- System.out.println("Value =" + value);
- } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
- // The code in the catch block will be executed
- System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
- // The code in the catch block will be executed
- System.out.println("Ignore...");
- }
- // This code is executed
- System.out.println("Let's go!");
- }
- }
运行示例结果:
Three
Two
One
Error: / by zero
Ignore...
Let's go!
我们将按以下实例图像的流程来解释下面的程序。
2、 异常层次结构
这是Java异常的分层图的模型。
最高的类是:Throwable
两个直接子类是 Error 和 Exception。
在异常转移有一个RuntimeException子类,包括Java中的编译时未检查异常。检查并取消检查在编译时,在下一部分的实施示例中说明。
注意:您的类应该从两个分支:Error或Exception继承,而不是直接从Throwable继承。
当一个动态链接失败,或在虚拟机的一些其他的“硬”故障发生时,虚拟机引发这个错误。典型的Java程序不捕获错误,所以Java程序都不会抛出任何错误。大多数程序抛出并捕获从Exception类派生的对象。异常指示出现了一个问题,但是这些问题并不是严重系统性问题。你写的大多数程序将会抛出和捕获异常。
Exception类在Java包定义了许多子类。这些子类指明不同类型的可能会发生异常。 例如,NegativeArraySizeException表明程序试图创建一个大小为负的数组。
一个导演的子类在Java语言中的特殊含义: RuntimeException类表示Java虚拟机中发生(在运行期间)的异常。运行时异常的一个例子是NullYiibaierException异常,其中,当一种方法试图通过一个空引用来访问对象的成员时就会引发。 NullYiibaierException 可以在任何地方出现某个程序试图取消引用一个对象的引用。经常检查异常捕获的好处远远超过它的成本。
由于运行时异常是无所不在的,在试图捕获或指定所有的时间是徒劳的作法(不可读和不可维护的代码), 编译器允许运行时异常去未捕获和指定。
Java包定义几个RuntimeException类。您可以捕获这些异常,就像其他异常。但是并不需要一种方法来指定它抛出运行时异常。此外可以创建自己的RuntimeException子类。 运行时异常 - 下面讨论包含何时以及如何使用运行时异常进行了深入探讨。 3、使用try-catch处理异常
编写从Exception 继承的类。
AgeException.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class AgeException extends Exception {
- public AgeException(String message) {
- super(message);
- }
- }
- TooYoungException.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class TooYoungException extends AgeException {
- public TooYoungException(String message) {
- super(message);
- }
- }
TooOldException.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class TooOldException extends AgeException {
- public TooOldException(String message) {
- super(message);
- }
- }
以及AgeUtils类检查年龄的检查静态方法。
AgeUtils.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class AgeUtils {
- // This method checks the age.
- // If age is less than 18, the method will throw an exception TooYoungException
- // If age greater than 40, the method will throw an exception TooOldException
- public static void checkAge(int age) throws TooYoungException,
- TooOldException {
- if (age < 18) {
- // If age is less than 18, an exception will be thrown
- // This method ends here.
- throw new TooYoungException("Age " + age + " too young");
- } else if (age > 40) {
- // If age greater than 40, an exception will be thrown.
- // This method ends here.
- throw new TooOldException("Age " + age + " too old");
- }
- // If age is between 18-40.
- // This code will be execute.
- System.out.println("Age " + age + " OK!");
- }
- }
检查异常和未经检查的异常:
AgeException是Exception,TooOldException的子类和TooYoungException2是 AgeException直接子类,所以它们是“Checked Exception”
在AgeUtils.checkAge(int)方法已经抛出异常,需要通过关键字“throws”,列出它们的方法声明。或者可以声明抛出更多的级别。
在使用 AgeUtils.checkAge(int) 位置也必须进行处理,以捕获异常,或继续抛出去。
"Checked exception" 是由 "Java Compiler"来检查。
有两个选择:
TryCatchDemo1.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class TryCatchDemo1 {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- System.out.println("Start Recruiting ...");
- // Check age
- System.out.println("Check your Age");
- int age = 50;
- try {
- AgeUtils.checkAge(age);
- System.out.println("You pass!");
- } catch (TooYoungException e) {
- // Do something here ..
- System.out.println("You are too young, not pass!");
- System.out.println(e.getMessage());
- } catch (TooOldException e) {
- // Do something here ..
- System.out.println("You are too old, not pass!");
- System.out.println(e.getMessage());
- }
- }
- }
在下面的例子中,我们将通过父类捕获异常(超Exception类)。
TryCatchDemo2.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class TryCatchDemo2 {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- System.out.println("Start Recruiting ...");
- // Check age
- System.out.println("Check your Age");
- int age = 15;
- try {
- // Here can throw TooOldException or TooYoungException
- AgeUtils.checkAge(age);
- System.out.println("You pass!");
- } catch (AgeException e) {
- // If an exception occurs, type of AgeException
- // This catch block will be execute
- System.out.println("Your age invalid, you not pass");
- System.out.println(e.getMessage());
- }
- }
- }
也可以组不同的异常在块中来处理,如果它们对逻辑程序处理是相同的方式。
TryCatchDemo3.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class TryCatchDemo3 {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- System.out.println("Start Recruiting ...");
- // Check age
- System.out.println("Check your Age");
- int age = 15;
- try {
- // Here can throw TooOldException or TooYoungException
- AgeUtils.checkAge(age);
- System.out.println("You pass!");
- } catch (TooYoungException | TooOldException e) {
- // Catch multi exceptions in one block.
- System.out.println("Your age invalid, you not pass");
- System.out.println(e.getMessage());
- }
- }
- }
4、 try-catch-finally
我们已习惯于通过 try-catch 块捕获错误。Try-catch-finally 来完全处理异常。
- try {
- // Do something here
- } catch (Exception1 e) {
- // Do something here
- } catch (Exception2 e) {
- // Do something here
- } finally {
- // Finally block is always executed
- // Do something here
- }
TryCatchFinallyDemo.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic;
- public class TryCatchFinallyDemo {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- String text = "001234A2";
- int value = toInteger(text);
- System.out.println("Value= " + value);
- }
- public static int toInteger(String text) {
- try {
- System.out.println("Begin parse text: " + text);
- // An Exception can throw here (NumberFormatException).
- int value = Integer.parseInt(text);
- return value;
- } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
- // In the case of 'text' is not a number.
- // This catch block will be executed.
- System.out.println("Number format exception " + e.getMessage());
- // Returns 0 if NumberFormatException occurs
- return 0;
- } finally {
- System.out.println("End parse text: " + text);
- }
- }
- }
这是程序的流程。 finally块无论什么情况下总会被执行。
5、 环绕异常
Person.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.wrap;
- public class Person {
- public static final String MALE = "male";
- public static final String FEMALE = "female";
- private String name;
- private String gender;
- private int age;
- public Person(String name, String gender, int age) {
- this.name = name;
- this.gender = gender;
- this.age = age;
- }
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
- public String getGender() {
- return gender;
- }
- public void setGender(String gender) {
- this.gender = gender;
- }
- public int getAge() {
- return age;
- }
- public void setAge(int age) {
- this.age = age;
- }
- }
GenderException.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.wrap;
- // Gender Exception.
- public class GenderException extends Exception {
- public GenderException(String message) {
- super(message);
- }
- }
ValidateException 类包有其他异常。
ValidateException.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.wrap;
- public class ValidateException extends Exception {
- // Wrap an Exception
- public ValidateException(Exception e) {
- super(e);
- }
- }
ValidateUtils.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.wrap;
- import com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.basic.AgeUtils;
- public class ValidateUtils {
- public static void checkPerson(Person person) throws ValidateException {
- try {
- // Check age.
- // Valid if between 18-40
- // This method can throw TooOldException, TooYoungException.
- AgeUtils.checkAge(person.getAge());
- } catch (Exception e) {
- // If not valid
- // Wrap this exception by ValidateException, and throw
- throw new ValidateException(e);
- }
- // If that person is Female, ie invalid.
- if (person.getGender().equals(Person.FEMALE)) {
- GenderException e = new GenderException("Do not accept women");
- throw new ValidateException(e);
- }
- }
- }
WrapperExceptionDemo.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.wrap;
- public class WrapperExceptionDemo {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- // One participant recruitment.
- Person person = new Person("Marry", Person.FEMALE, 20);
- try {
- // Exceptions may occur here.
- ValidateUtils.checkPerson(person);
- } catch (ValidateException wrap) {
- // Get the real cause.
- // May be TooYoungException, TooOldException, GenderException
- Exception cause = (Exception) wrap.getCause();
- if (cause != null) {
- System.out.println("Not pass, cause: " + cause.getMessage());
- } else {
- System.out.println(wrap.getMessage());
- }
- }
- }
- }
6、RuntimeException和子类 RuntimeException类及其子类都是“未检查的例外”。它不是由Java编译器在编译时进行检查。在某些情况下,你可以从这个分支继承编写自己的异常。
下面是属于RuntimeException分支一些类(当然,这还不是全部)。
一些处理这种类型异常的例子:
6.1- NullYiibaierException
这是最常见的异常,通常会导致错误在程序中。异常被抛出,当你调用方法或访问一个空对象的字段。
NullYiibaierExceptionDemo.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.runtime;
- public class NullYiibaierExceptionDemo {
- // For example, here is a method that can return null string.
- public static String getString() {
- if (1 == 2) {
- return "1==2 !!";
- }
- return null;
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- // This is an object that references not null.
- String text1 = "Hello exception";
- // Call the method retrieves the string length.
- int length = text1.length();
- System.out.println("Length text1 = " + length);
- // This is an object that references null.
- String text2 = getString();
- // Call the method retrieves the string length.
- // NullYiibaierException will occur here.
- // It is an exception occurs at runtime (type of RuntimeException)
- // Javac compiler does not force you to use a try-catch block to handle it
- length = text2.length();
- System.out.println("Finish!");
- }
- }
运行示例的结果:
在现实中,像处理其他异常时,可以使用 try-catch 来捕获并处理这个异常。 然而,这是机械的,通常情况下,我们应该检查,以确保在使用它之前,对象不为空值。
您可以更正上面的代码,使其类似于下面的以避免空指针异常:
- // This is a null object.
- String text2 = getString();
- // Check to make sure 'Text2' are not null.
- // Instead of using try-catch.
- if (text2 != null) {
- length = text2.length();
- }
6.2- ArrayIndexOfBoundException
当您试图访问一个无效的索引的数组元素就会发生此异常。例如,一个数组有10个元素可以访问,但您访问的是索引为20的元素。
ArrayIndexOfBoundsExceptionDemo.java
- package com.yiibai.tutorial.exception.runtime;
- public class ArrayIndexOfBoundsExceptionDemo {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- String[] strs = new String[] { "One", "Two", "Three" };
- // Access to the element has index 0.
- String str1 = strs[0];
- System.out.println("String at 0 = " + str1);
- // Access to the element has index 5.
- // ArrayIndexOfBoundsException occur here.
- String str2 = strs[5];
- System.out.println("String at 5 = " + str2);
- }
- }
为了避免 ArrayIndexOfBoundsException,我们更多的应该是检查数组而不是使用try-catch。
- if (strs.length > 5) {
- String str2 = strs[5];
- System.out.println("String at 5 = " + str2);
- } else {
- System.out.println("No elements with index 5");
- }
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。