YAML Ain’t Markup Language (YAML™) Version 1.2

The design goals for YAML are, in decreasing priority:

YAML’s initial direction was set by the data serialization and markup language discussions among SML-DEV members. Later on, it directly incorporated experience from Ingy döt Net’s Perl module Data::Denter. Since then, YAML has matured through ideas and support from its user community.

YAML integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, RFC0822 (MAIL), RFC1866 (HTML), RFC2045 (MIME), RFC2396 (URI), XML, SAX, SOAP, and JSON.

The syntax of YAML was motivated by Internet Mail (RFC0822) and remains partially compatible with that standard. Further, borrowing from MIME (RFC2045), YAML’s top-level production is a stream of independent documents, ideal for message-based distributed processing systems.

YAML’s indentation-based scoping is similar to Python’s (without the ambiguities caused by tabs). Indented blocks facilitate easy inspection of the data’s structure. YAML’s literal style leverages this by enabling formatted text to be cleanly mixed within an indented structure without troublesome escaping. YAML also allows the use of traditional indicator-based scoping similar to JSON’s and Perl’s. Such flow content can be freely nested inside indented blocks.

YAML’s double-quoted style uses familiar C-style escape sequences. This enables ASCII encoding of non-printable or 8-bit (ISO 8859-1) characters such as “\x3B”. Non-printable 16-bit Unicode and 32-bit (ISO/IEC 10646) characters are supported with escape sequences such as “\u003B” and “\U0000003B”.

Motivated by HTML’s end-of-line normalization, YAML’s line folding employs an intuitive method of handling line breaks. A single line break is folded into a single space, while empty lines are interpreted as line break characters. This technique allows for paragraphs to be word-wrapped without affecting the canonical form of the scalar content.

YAML’s core type system is based on the requirements of agile languages such as Perl, Python, and Ruby. YAML directly supports both collections (mappings, sequences) and scalars. Support for these common types enables programmers to use their language’s native data structures for YAML manipulation, instead of requiring a special document object model (DOM).

Like XML’s SOAP, YAML supports serializing a graph of native data structures through an aliasing mechanism. Also like SOAP, YAML provides for application-defined types. This allows YAML to represent rich data structures required for modern distributed computing. YAML provides globally unique type names using a namespace mechanism inspired by Java’s DNS-based package naming convention and XML’s URI-based namespaces. In addition, YAML allows for private types specific to a single application.

YAML was designed to support incremental interfaces that include both input (“getNextEvent()”) and output (“sendNextEvent()”) one-pass interfaces. Together, these enable YAML to support the processing of large documents (e.g. transaction logs) or continuous streams (e.g. feeds from a production machine).

Both JSON and YAML aim to be human readable data interchange formats. However, JSON and YAML have different priorities. JSON’s foremost design goal is simplicity and universality. Thus, JSON is trivial to generate and parse, at the cost of reduced human readability. It also uses a lowest common denominator information model, ensuring any JSON data can be easily processed by every modern programming environment.

In contrast, YAML’s foremost design goals are human readability and support for serializing arbitrary native data structures. Thus, YAML allows for extremely readable files, but is more complex to generate and parse. In addition, YAML ventures beyond the lowest common denominator data types, requiring more complex processing when crossing between different programming environments.

YAML can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of JSON, offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. This is also the case in practice; every JSON file is also a valid YAML file. This makes it easy to migrate from JSON to YAML if/when the additional features are required.

JSON's RFC4627 requires that mappings keys merely “SHOULD” be unique, while YAML insists they “MUST” be. Technically, YAML therefore complies with the JSON spec, choosing to treat duplicates as an error. In practice, since JSON is silent on the semantics of such duplicates, the only portable JSON files are those with unique keys, which are therefore valid YAML files.

It may be useful to define a intermediate format between YAML and JSON. Such a format would be trivial to parse (but not very human readable), like JSON. At the same time, it would allow for serializing arbitrary native data structures, like YAML. Such a format might also serve as YAML’s "canonical format". Defining such a “YSON” format (YSON is a Serialized Object Notation) can be done either by enhancing the JSON specification or by restricting the YAML specification. Such a definition is beyond the scope of this specification.

Newcomers to YAML often search for its correlation to the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). Although the two languages may actually compete in several application domains, there is no direct correlation between them.

YAML is primarily a data serialization language. XML was designed to be backwards compatible with the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), which was designed to support structured documentation. XML therefore had many design constraints placed on it that YAML does not share. XML is a pioneer in many domains, YAML is the result of lessons learned from XML and other technologies.

It should be mentioned that there are ongoing efforts to define standard XML/YAML mappings. This generally requires that a subset of each language be used. For more information on using both XML and YAML, please visit http://yaml.org/xml.

This specification uses key words based on RFC2119 to indicate requirement level. In particular, the following words are used to describe the actions of a YAML processor:

YAML’s block collections use indentation for scope and begin each entry on its own line. Block sequences indicate each entry with a dash and space ( “- ”). Mappings use a colon and space (“: ”) to mark each key: value pair. Comments begin with an octothorpe (also called a “hash”, “sharp”, “pound”, or “number sign” - “#”).

- Mark McGwire
- Sammy Sosa
- Ken Griffey

hr:  65    # Home runs
avg: 0.278 # Batting average
rbi: 147   # Runs Batted In

american:
  - Boston Red Sox
  - Detroit Tigers
  - New York Yankees
national:
  - New York Mets
  - Chicago Cubs
  - Atlanta Braves

-
  name: Mark McGwire
  hr:   65
  avg:  0.278
-
  name: Sammy Sosa
  hr:   63
  avg:  0.288

YAML also has flow styles, using explicit indicators rather than indentation to denote scope. The flow sequence is written as a comma separated list within square brackets. In a similar manner, the flow mapping uses curly braces.

- [name        , hr, avg  ]
- [Mark McGwire, 65, 0.278]
- [Sammy Sosa  , 63, 0.288]

Mark McGwire: {hr: 65, avg: 0.278}
Sammy Sosa: {
    hr: 63,
    avg: 0.288
  }

YAML uses three dashes (“---”) to separate directives from document content. This also serves to signal the start of a document if no directives are present. Three dots ( “...”) indicate the end of a document without starting a new one, for use in communication channels.

# Ranking of 1998 home runs
---
- Mark McGwire
- Sammy Sosa
- Ken Griffey

# Team ranking
---
- Chicago Cubs
- St Louis Cardinals

---
time: 20:03:20
player: Sammy Sosa
action: strike (miss)
...
---
time: 20:03:47
player: Sammy Sosa
action: grand slam
...

Repeated nodes (objects) are first identified by an anchor (marked with the ampersand - “&”), and are then aliased (referenced with an asterisk - “*”) thereafter.

---
hr: # 1998 hr ranking
  - Mark McGwire
  - Sammy Sosa
rbi:
  # 1998 rbi ranking
  - Sammy Sosa
  - Ken Griffey

---
hr:
  - Mark McGwire
  # Following node labeled SS
  - &SS Sammy Sosa
rbi:
  - *SS # Subsequent occurrence
  - Ken Griffey

A question mark and space (“? ”) indicate a complex mapping key. Within a block collection, key: value pairs can start immediately following the dash, colon, or question mark.

? - Detroit Tigers
  - Chicago cubs
:
  - 2001-07-23

? [ New York Yankees,
    Atlanta Braves ]
: [ 2001-07-02, 2001-08-12,
    2001-08-14 ]

---
# Products purchased
- item    : Super Hoop
  quantity: 1
- item    : Basketball
  quantity: 4
- item    : Big Shoes
  quantity: 1

Scalar content can be written in block notation, using a literal style (indicated by “|”) where all line breaks are significant. Alternatively, they can be written with the folded style (denoted by “>”) where each line break is folded to a space unless it ends an empty or a more-indented line.

# ASCII Art
--- |
  \//||\/||
  // ||  ||__

--- >
  Mark McGwire's
  year was crippled
  by a knee injury.

>
 Sammy Sosa completed another
 fine season with great stats.

   63 Home Runs
   0.288 Batting Average

 What a year!

name: Mark McGwire
accomplishment: >
  Mark set a major league
  home run record in 1998.
stats: |
  65 Home Runs
  0.278 Batting Average

YAML’s flow scalars include the plain style (most examples thus far) and two quoted styles. The double-quoted style provides escape sequences. The single-quoted style is useful when escaping is not needed. All flow scalars can span multiple lines; line breaks are always folded.

unicode: "Sosa did fine.\u263A"
control: "\b1998\t1999\t2000\n"
hex esc: "\x0d\x0a is \r\n"

single: '"Howdy!" he cried.'
quoted: ' # Not a ''comment''.'
tie-fighter: '|\-*-/|'

plain:
  This unquoted scalar
  spans many lines.

quoted: "So does this
  quoted scalar.\n"

In YAML, untagged nodes are given a type depending on the application. The examples in this specification generally use the seq, map and str types from the fail safe schema. A few examples also use the int, float, and null types from the JSON schema. The repository includes additional types such as binary, omap, set and others.

canonical: 12345
decimal: +12345
octal: 0o14
hexadecimal: 0xC

canonical: 1.23015e+3
exponential: 12.3015e+02
fixed: 1230.15
negative infinity: -.inf
not a number: .NaN

null:
booleans: [ true, false ]
string: '012345'

canonical: 2001-12-15T02:59:43.1Z
iso8601: 2001-12-14t21:59:43.10-05:00
spaced: 2001-12-14 21:59:43.10 -5
date: 2002-12-14

Explicit typing is denoted with a tag using the exclamation point (“!”) symbol. Global tags are URIs and may be specified in a tag shorthand notation using a handle. Application-specific local tags may also be used.

---
not-date: !!str 2002-04-28

picture: !!binary |
 R0lGODlhDAAMAIQAAP//9/X
 17unp5WZmZgAAAOfn515eXv
 Pz7Y6OjuDg4J+fn5OTk6enp
 56enmleECcgggoBADs=

application specific tag: !something |
 The semantics of the tag
 above may be different for
 different documents.

%TAG ! tag:clarkevans.com,2002:
--- !shape
  # Use the ! handle for presenting
  # tag:clarkevans.com,2002:circle
- !circle
  center: &ORIGIN {x: 73, y: 129}
  radius: 7
- !line
  start: *ORIGIN
  finish: { x: 89, y: 102 }
- !label
  start: *ORIGIN
  color: 0xFFEEBB
  text: Pretty vector drawing.

# Sets are represented as a
# Mapping where each key is
# associated with a null value
--- !!set
? Mark McGwire
? Sammy Sosa
? Ken Griff

# Ordered maps are represented as
# A sequence of mappings, with
# each mapping having one key
--- !!omap
- Mark McGwire: 65
- Sammy Sosa: 63
- Ken Griffy: 58

Below are two full-length examples of YAML. On the left is a sample invoice; on the right is a sample log file.

--- !<tag:clarkevans.com,2002:invoice>
invoice: 34843
date   : 2001-01-23
bill-to: &id001
    given  : Chris
    family : Dumars
    address:
        lines: |
            458 Walkman Dr.
            Suite #292
        city    : Royal Oak
        state   : MI
        postal  : 48046
ship-to: *id001
product:
    - sku         : BL394D
      quantity    : 4
      description : Basketball
      price       : 450.00
    - sku         : BL4438H
      quantity    : 1
      description : Super Hoop
      price       : 2392.00
tax  : 251.42
total: 4443.52
comments:
    Late afternoon is best.
    Backup contact is Nancy
    Billsmer @ 338-4338.

---
Time: 2001-11-23 15:01:42 -5
User: ed
Warning:
  This is an error message
  for the log file
---
Time: 2001-11-23 15:02:31 -5
User: ed
Warning:
  A slightly different error
  message.
---
Date: 2001-11-23 15:03:17 -5
User: ed
Fatal:
  Unknown variable "bar"
Stack:
  - file: TopClass.py
    line: 23
    code: |
      x = MoreObject("345\n")
  - file: MoreClass.py
    line: 58
    code: |-
      foo = bar

Translating between native data structures and a character stream is done in several logically distinct stages, each with a well defined input and output data model, as shown in the following diagram:

Figure 3.1. Processing Overview

A YAML processor need not expose the serialization or representation stages. It may translate directly between native data structures and a character stream (dump and load in the diagram above). However, such a direct translation should take place so that the native data structures are constructed only from information available in the representation. In particular, mapping key order, comments, and tag handles should not be referenced during composition.

This section specifies the formal details of the results of the above processes. To maximize data portability between programming languages and implementations, users of YAML should be mindful of the distinction between serialization or presentation properties and those which are part of the YAML representation. Thus, while imposing a order on mapping keys is necessary for flattening YAML representations to a sequential access medium, this serialization detail must not be used to convey application level information. In a similar manner, while indentation technique and a choice of a node style are needed for the human readability, these presentation details are neither part of the YAML serialization nor the YAML representation. By carefully separating properties needed for serialization and presentation, YAML representations of application information will be consistent and portable between various programming environments.

The following diagram summarizes the three information models. Full arrows denote composition, hollow arrows denote inheritance, “1” and “*” denote “one” and “many” relationships. A single “+” denotes serialization details, a double “++” denotes presentation details.

Figure 3.2. Information Models

3.2.1. Representation Graph

YAML’s representation of native data structure is a rooted, connected, directed graph of tagged nodes. By “directed graph” we mean a set of nodes and directed edges (“arrows”), where each edge connects one node to another (see a formal definition). All the nodes must be reachable from the root node via such edges. Note that the YAML graph may include cycles, and a node may have more than one incoming edge.

Nodes that are defined in terms of other nodes are collections; nodes that are independent of any other nodes are scalars. YAML supports two kinds of collection nodes: sequences and mappings. Mapping nodes are somewhat tricky because their keys are unordered and must be unique.

Figure 3.3. Representation Model

3.2.1.1. Nodes

A YAML node represents a single native data structure. Such nodes have content of one of three kinds: scalar, sequence, or mapping. In addition, each node has a tag which serves to restrict the set of possible values the content can have.

Scalar

The content of a scalar node is an opaque datum that can be presented as a series of zero or more Unicode characters.

Sequence

The content of a sequence node is an ordered series of zero or more nodes. In particular, a sequence may contain the same node more than once. It could even contain itself (directly or indirectly).

Mapping

The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key: value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique. YAML places no further restrictions on the nodes. In particular, keys may be arbitrary nodes, the same node may be used as the value of several key: value pairs, and a mapping could even contain itself as a key or a value (directly or indirectly).

When appropriate, it is convenient to consider sequences and mappings together, as collections. In this view, sequences are treated as mappings with integer keys starting at zero. Having a unified collections view for sequences and mappings is helpful both for theoretical analysis and for creating practical YAML tools and APIs. This strategy is also used by the Javascript programming language.

3.2.1.2. Tags

YAML represents type information of native data structures with a simple identifier, called a tag. Global tags are URIs and hence globally unique across all applications. The “tag:” URI scheme is recommended for all global YAML tags. In contrast, local tags are specific to a single application. Local tags start with “!”, are not URIs and are not expected to be globally unique. YAML provides a “TAG” directive to make tag notation less verbose; it also offers easy migration from local to global tags. To ensure this, local tags are restricted to the URI character set and use URI character escaping.

YAML does not mandate any special relationship between different tags that begin with the same substring. Tags ending with URI fragments (containing “#”) are no exception; tags that share the same base URI but differ in their fragment part are considered to be different, independent tags. By convention, fragments are used to identify different “variants” of a tag, while “/” is used to define nested tag “namespace” hierarchies. However, this is merely a convention, and each tag may employ its own rules. For example, Perl tags may use “::” to express namespace hierarchies, Java tags may use “.”, etc.

YAML tags are used to associate meta information with each node. In particular, each tag must specify the expected node kind (scalar, sequence, or mapping). Scalar tags must also provide a mechanism for converting formatted content to a canonical form for supporting equality testing. Furthermore, a tag may provide additional information such as the set of allowed content values for validation, a mechanism for tag resolution, or any other data that is applicable to all of the tag’s nodes.

3.2.1.3. Node Comparison

Since YAML mappings require key uniqueness, representations must include a mechanism for testing the equality of nodes. This is non-trivial since YAML allows various ways to format scalar content. For example, the integer eleven can be written as “0o13” (octal) or “0xB” (hexadecimal). If both notations are used as keys in the same mapping, only a YAML processor which recognizes integer formats would correctly flag the duplicate key as an error.

Canonical Form

YAML supports the need for scalar equality by requiring that every scalar tag must specify a mechanism for producing the canonical form of any formatted content. This form is a Unicode character string which also presents the same content, and can be used for equality testing. While this requirement is stronger than a well defined equality operator, it has other uses, such as the production of digital signatures.

Equality

Two nodes must have the same tag and content to be equal. Since each tag applies to exactly one kind, this implies that the two nodes must have the same kind to be equal. Two scalars are equal only when their tags and canonical forms are equal character-by-character. Equality of collections is defined recursively. Two sequences are equal only when they have the same tag and length, and each node in one sequence is equal to the corresponding node in the other sequence. Two mappings are equal only when they have the same tag and an equal set of keys, and each key in this set is associated with equal values in both mappings.

Different URI schemes may define different rules for testing the equality of URIs. Since a YAML processor cannot be reasonably expected to be aware of them all, it must resort to a simple character-by-character comparison of tags to ensure consistency. This also happens to be the comparison method defined by the “tag:” URI scheme. Tags in a YAML stream must therefore be presented in a canonical way so that such comparison would yield the correct results.

Identity

Two nodes are identical only when they represent the same native data structure. Typically, this corresponds to a single memory address. Identity should not be confused with equality; two equal nodes need not have the same identity. A YAML processor may treat equal scalars as if they were identical. In contrast, the separate identity of two distinct but equal collections must be preserved.

3.2.2. Serialization Tree

To express a YAML representation using a serial API, it is necessary to impose an order on mapping keys and employ alias nodes to indicate a subsequent occurrence of a previously encountered node. The result of this process is a serialization tree, where each node has an ordered set of children. This tree can be traversed for a serial event-based API. Construction of native data structures from the serial interface should not use key order or anchor names for the preservation of application data.

Figure 3.4. Serialization Model

3.2.2.1. Keys Order

In the representation model, mapping keys do not have an order. To serialize a mapping, it is necessary to impose an ordering on its keys. This order is a serialization detail and should not be used when composing the representation graph (and hence for the preservation of application data). In every case where node order is significant, a sequence must be used. For example, an ordered mapping can be represented as a sequence of mappings, where each mapping is a single key: value pair. YAML provides convenient compact notation for this case.

3.2.2.2. Anchors and Aliases

In the representation graph, a node may appear in more than one collection. When serializing such data, the first occurrence of the node is identified by an anchor. Each subsequent occurrence is serialized as an alias node which refers back to this anchor. Otherwise, anchor names are a serialization detail and are discarded once composing is completed. When composing a representation graph from serialized events, an alias node refers to the most recent node in the serialization having the specified anchor. Therefore, anchors need not be unique within a serialization. In addition, an anchor need not have an alias node referring to it. It is therefore possible to provide an anchor for all nodes in serialization.

3.2.3. Presentation Stream

A YAML presentation is a stream of Unicode characters making use of of styles, scalar content formats, comments, directives and other presentation details to present a YAML serialization in a human readable way. Although a YAML processor may provide these details when parsing, they should not be reflected in the resulting serialization. YAML allows several serialization trees to be contained in the same YAML character stream, as a series of documents separated by markers. Documents appearing in the same stream are independent; that is, a node must not appear in more than one serialization tree or representation graph.

Figure 3.5. Presentation Model

3.2.3.1. Node Styles

Each node is presented in some style, depending on its kind. The node style is a presentation detail and is not reflected in the serialization tree or representation graph. There are two groups of styles. Block styles use indentation to denote structure; In contrast, flow styles styles rely on explicit indicators.

YAML provides a rich set of scalar styles. Block scalar styles include the literal style and the folded style. Flow scalar styles include the plain style and two quoted styles, the single-quoted style and the double-quoted style. These styles offer a range of trade-offs between expressive power and readability.

Normally, block sequences and mappings begin on the next line. In some cases, YAML also allows nested block collections to start in-line for a more compact notation. In addition, YAML provides a compact notation for flow mappings with a single key: value pair, nested inside a flow sequence. These allow for a natural “ordered mapping” notation.

Figure 3.6. Kind/Style Combinations

3.2.3.2. Scalar Formats

YAML allows scalars to be presented in several formats. For example, the integer “11” might also be written as “0xB”. Tags must specify a mechanism for converting the formatted content to a canonical form for use in equality testing. Like node style, the format is a presentation detail and is not reflected in the serialization tree and representation graph.

3.2.3.3. Comments

Comments are a presentation detail and must not have any effect on the serialization tree or representation graph. In particular, comments are not associated with a particular node. The usual purpose of a comment is to communicate between the human maintainers of a file. A typical example is comments in a configuration file. Comments must not appear inside scalars, but may be interleaved with such scalars inside collections.

3.2.3.4. Directives

Each document may be associated with a set of directives. A directive has a name and an optional sequence of parameters. Directives are instructions to the YAML processor, and like all other presentation details are not reflected in the YAML serialization tree or representation graph. This version of YAML defines a two directives, “YAML” and “TAG”. All other directives are reserved for future versions of YAML.

The process of loading native data structures from a YAML stream has several potential failure points. The character stream may be ill-formed, aliases may be unidentified, unspecified tags may be unresolvable, tags may be unrecognized, the content may be invalid, and a native type may be unavailable. Each of these failures results with an incomplete loading.

A partial representation need not resolve the tag of each node, and the canonical form of formatted scalar content need not be available. This weaker representation is useful for cases of incomplete knowledge of the types used in the document. In contrast, a complete representation specifies the tag of each node, and provides the canonical form of formatted scalar content, allowing for equality testing. A complete representation is required in order to construct native data structures.

Figure 3.7. Loading Failure Points

YAML’s syntax is designed for maximal human readability. This requires parsing to depend on the surrounding text. For notational compactness, this dependency is expressed using parameterized BNF productions.

This context sensitivity is the cause of most of the complexity of the YAML syntax definition. It is further complicated by struggling with the human tendency to look ahead when interpreting text. These complications are of course the source of most of YAML’s power to present data in a very human readable way.

Productions use any of the following parameters:

To make it easier to follow production combinations, production names use a Hungarian-style naming convention. Each production is given a prefix based on the type of characters it begins and ends with.

To ensure readability, YAML streams use only the printable subset of the Unicode character set. The allowed character range explicitly excludes the C0 control block #x0-#x1F (except for TAB #x9, LF #xA, and CR #xD which are allowed), DEL #x7F, the C1 control block #x80-#x9F (except for NEL #x85 which is allowed), the surrogate block #xD800-#xDFFF, #xFFFE, and #xFFFF.

On input, a YAML processor must accept all Unicode characters except those explicitly excluded above.

On output, a YAML processor must only produce acceptable characters. Any excluded characters must be presented using escape sequences. In addition, any allowed characters known to be non-printable should also be escaped. This isn’t mandatory since a full implementation would require extensive character property tables.

To ensure JSON compatibility, YAML processors must allow all non-control characters inside quoted scalars. To ensure readability, non-printable characters should be escaped on output, even inside such scalars. Note that JSON quoted scalars cannot span multiple lines or contain tabs, but YAML quoted scalars can.

All characters mentioned in this specification are Unicode code points. Each such code point is written as one or more bytes depending on the character encoding used. Note that in UTF-16, characters above #xFFFF are written as four bytes, using a surrogate pair.

The character encoding is a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

On input, a YAML processor must support the UTF-8 and UTF-16 character encodings. For JSON compatibility, the UTF-32 encodings must also be supported.

If a character stream begins with a byte order mark, the character encoding will be taken to be as as indicated by the byte order mark. Otherwise, the stream must begin with an ASCII character. This allows the encoding to be deduced by the pattern of null (#x00) characters.

To make it easier to concatenate streams, byte order marks may appear at the start of any document. However all documents in the same stream must use the same character encoding.

To allow for JSON compatibility, byte order marks are also allowed inside quoted scalars. For readability, such content byte order marks should be escaped on output.

The encoding can therefore be deduced by matching the first few bytes of the stream with the following table rows (in order):

The recommended output encoding is UTF-8. If another encoding is used, it is recommended that an explicit byte order mark be used, even if the first stream character is ASCII.

For more information about the byte order mark and the Unicode character encoding schemes see the Unicode FAQ.

In the examples, byte order mark characters are displayed as “⇔”.

⇔# Comment only.

Legend:
  c-byte-order-mark

# This stream contains no
# documents, only comments.

- Invalid use of BOM
⇔
- Inside a document.

ERROR:
 A BOM must not appear
 inside a document.

Indicators are characters that have special semantics.

sequence:
- one
- two
mapping:
  ? sky
  : blue
  sea : green

Legend:
  c-sequence-entry
  c-mapping-key c-mapping-value

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "sequence"
  : !!seq [ !!str "one", !!str "two" ],
  ? !!str "mapping"
  : !!map {
    ? !!str "sky" : !!str "blue",
    ? !!str "sea" : !!str "green",
  },
}

sequence: [ one, two, ]
mapping: { sky: blue, sea: green }

Legend:
  c-sequence-start c-sequence-end
  c-mapping-start  c-mapping-end
  c-collect-entry

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "sequence"
  : !!seq [ !!str "one", !!str "two" ],
  ? !!str "mapping"
  : !!map {
    ? !!str "sky" : !!str "blue",
    ? !!str "sea" : !!str "green",
  },
}

# Comment only.

Legend:
  c-comment

# This stream contains no
# documents, only comments.

anchored: !local &anchor value
alias: *anchor

Legend:
  c-tag c-anchor c-alias

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "anchored"
  : !local &A1 "value",
  ? !!str "alias"
  : *A1,
}

literal: |
  some
  text
folded: >
  some
  text

Legend:
  c-literal c-folded

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "literal"
  : !!str "some\ntext\n",
  ? !!str "folded"
  : !!str "some text\n",
}

single: 'text'
double: "text"

Legend:
  c-single-quote c-double-quote

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "single"
  : !!str "text",
  ? !!str "double"
  : !!str "text",
}

%YAML 1.2
--- text

Legend:
  c-directive

%YAML 1.2
---
!!str "text"

commercial-at: @text
grave-accent: `text

ERROR:
 Reserved indicators can't
 start a plain scalar.

Any indicator character:

The “[”, “]”, “{”, “}” and “,” indicators denote structure in flow collections. They are therefore forbidden in some cases, to avoid ambiguity in several constructs. This is handled on a case-by-case basis by the relevant productions.

YAML recognizes the following ASCII line break characters.

All other characters, including the form feed (#x0C), are considered to be non-break characters. Note that these include the non-ASCII line breaks: next line (#x85), line separator (#x2028) and paragraph separator (#x2029).

YAML version 1.1 did support the above non-ASCII line break characters; however, JSON does not. Hence, to ensure JSON compatibility, YAML treats them as non-break characters as of version 1.2. In theory this would cause incompatibility with version 1.1; in practice these characters were rarely (if ever) used. YAML 1.2 processors parsing a version 1.1 document should therefore treat these line breaks as non-break characters, with an appropriate warning.

Line breaks are interpreted differently by different systems, and have several widely used formats.

Line breaks inside scalar content must be normalized by the YAML processor. Each such line break must be parsed into a single line feed character. The original line break format is a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

Outside scalar content, YAML allows any line break to be used to terminate lines.

On output, a YAML processor is free to emit line breaks using whatever convention is most appropriate.

In the examples, line breaks are sometimes displayed using the “↓” glyph for clarity.

|
  Line break (no glyph)
  Line break (glyphed)↓

Legend:
  b-break

%YAML 1.2
---
!!str "line break (no glyph)\n\
      line break (glyphed)\n"

YAML recognizes two white space characters: space and tab.

The rest of the (printable) non-break characters are considered to be non-space characters.

In the examples, tab characters are displayed as the glyph “→”. Space characters are sometimes displayed as the glyph “·” for clarity.

# Tabs and spaces
quoted:·"Quoted →"
block:→|
··void main() {
··→printf("Hello, world!\n");
··}

Legend:
  s-space s-tab

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "quoted"
  : "Quoted \t",
  ? !!str "block"
  : "void main() {\n\
    \tprintf(\"Hello, world!\\n\");\n\
    }\n",
}

The YAML syntax productions make use of the following additional character classes:

All non-printable characters must be escaped. YAML escape sequences use the “\” notation common to most modern computer languages. Each escape sequence must be parsed into the appropriate Unicode character. The original escape sequence is a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

Note that escape sequences are only interpreted in double-quoted scalars. In all other scalar styles, the “\” character has no special meaning and non-printable characters are not available.

YAML escape sequences are a superset of C’s escape sequences:

Any escaped character:

"Fun with \\
\" \a \b \e \f \↓
\n \r \t \v \0 \↓
\  \_ \N \L \P \↓
\x41 \u0041 \U00000041"

Legend:
  c-ns-esc-char

%YAML 1.2
---
"Fun with \x5C
\x22 \x07 \x08 \x1B \x0C
\x0A \x0D \x09 \x0B \x00
\x20 \xA0 \x85 \u2028 \u2029
A A A"

Bad escapes:
  "\c
  \xq-"

ERROR:
- c is an invalid escaped character.
- q and - are invalid hex digits.

In YAML block styles, structure is determined by indentation. In general, indentation is defined as a zero or more space characters at the start of a line.

To maintain portability, tab characters must not be used in indentation, since different systems treat tabs differently. Note that most modern editors may be configured so that pressing the tab key results in the insertion of an appropriate number of spaces.

The amount of indentation is a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

A block style construct is terminated when encountering a line which is less indented than the construct. The productions use the notation “s-indent(<n)” and “s-indent(≤n)” to express this.

Each node must be indented further than its parent node. All sibling nodes must use the exact same indentation level. However the content of each sibling node may be further indented independently.

··# Leading comment line spaces are
···# neither content nor indentation.
····
Not indented:
·By one space: |
····By four
······spaces
·Flow style: [    # Leading spaces
···By two,        # in flow style
··Also by two,    # are neither
··→Still by two   # content nor
····]             # indentation.

Legend:
  s-indent(n) Content
  Neither content nor indentation

%YAML 1.2
- - -
!!map {
  ? !!str "Not indented"
  : !!map {
      ? !!str "By one space"
      : !!str "By four\n  spaces\n",
      ? !!str "Flow style"
      : !!seq [
          !!str "By two",
          !!str "Also by two",
          !!str "Still by two",
        ]
    }
}

The “-”, “?” and “:” characters used to denote block collection entries are perceived by people to be part of the indentation. This is handled on a case-by-case basis by the relevant productions.

?·a
:·-→b
··-··-→c
·····-·d

Legend:
  Total Indentation
  s-indent(n) Indicator as indentation

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "a"
  : !!seq [
    !!str "b",
    !!seq [ !!str "c", !!str "d" ]
  ],
}

Outside indentation and scalar content, YAML uses white space characters for separation between tokens within a line. Note that such white space may safely include tab characters.

Separation spaces are a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

-·foo:→·bar
- -·baz
  -→baz

Legend:
  s-separate-in-line

%YAML 1.2
---
!!seq [
  !!map {
    ? !!str "foo" : !!str "bar",
  },
  !!seq [ !!str "baz", !!str "baz" ],
]

Inside scalar content, each line begins with a non-content line prefix. This prefix always includes the indentation. For flow scalar styles it additionally includes all leading white space, which may contain tab characters.

Line prefixes are a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

plain: text
··lines
quoted: "text
··→lines"
block: |
··text
···→lines

Legend:
  s-flow-line-prefix(n) s-block-line-prefix(n) s-indent(n)

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "plain"
  : !!str "text lines",
  ? !!str "quoted"
  : !!str "text lines",
  ? !!str "block"
  : !!str "text\n·→lines\n",
}

An empty line line consists of the non-content prefix followed by a line break.

The semantics of empty lines depend on the scalar style they appear in. This is handled on a case-by-case basis by the relevant productions.

Folding:
  "Empty line
···→
  as a line feed"
Chomping: |
  Clipped empty lines
·

Legend:
  l-empty(n,c)

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "Folding"
  : !!str "Empty line\nas a line feed",
  ? !!str "Chomping"
  : !!str "Clipped empty lines\n",
}

Line folding allows long lines to be broken for readability, while retaining the semantics of the original long line. If a line break is followed by an empty line, it is trimmed; the first line break is discarded and the rest are retained as content.

Otherwise (the following line is not empty), the line break is converted to a single space (#x20).

A folded non-empty line may end with either of the above line breaks.

>-
  trimmed↓
··↓
·↓
↓
  as↓
  space

%YAML 1.2
---
!!str "trimmed\n\n\nas space"

 Legend:
   b-l-trimmed(n,c)
   b-as-space

The above rules are common to both the folded block style and the scalar flow styles. Folding does distinguish between these cases in the following way:

>
··foo·↓
·↓
··→·bar↓
↓
··baz↓

%YAML 1.2
--- !!str
"foo \n\n\t bar\n\nbaz\n"

 Legend:
   b-l-folded(n,c)
   Non-content spaces Content spaces

"↓
··foo·↓
·↓
··→·bar↓
↓
··baz↓
"

%YAML 1.2
--- !!str
" foo\nbar\nbaz "

 Legend:
   s-flow-folded(n)
   Non-content spaces

An explicit comment is marked by a “#” indicator. Comments are a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

Comments must be separated from other tokens by white space characters. To ensure JSON compatibility, YAML processors must allow for the omission of the final comment line break of the input stream. However, as this confuses many tools, YAML processors should terminate the stream with an explicit line break on output.

key:····# Comment↓
  valueeof

Legend:
  c-nb-comment-text b-comment
  s-b-comment

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "key"
  : !!str "value",
}

Outside scalar content, comments may appear on a line of their own, independent of the indentation level. Note that outside scalar content, a line containing only white space characters is taken to be a comment line.

··# Comment↓
···↓
↓

# This stream contains no
# documents, only comments.

 Legend:
   s-b-comment l-comment

In most cases, when a line may end with a comment, YAML allows it to be followed by additional comment lines. The only exception is a comment ending a block scalar header.

key:····# Comment↓
········# lines↓
  value↓
↓

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "key"
  : !!str "value",
}

Legend:
  s-b-comment l-comment s-l-comments

Implicit keys are restricted to a single line. In all other cases, YAML allows tokens to be separated by multi-line (possibly empty) comments.

Note that structures following multi-line comment separation must be properly indented, even though there is no such restriction on the separation comment lines themselves.

{·first:·Sammy,·last:·Sosa·}:↓
# Statistics:
··hr:··# Home runs
·····65
··avg:·# Average
···0.278

Legend:
  s-separate-in-line
  s-separate-lines(n)
  s-indent(n)

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!map {
    ? !!str "first"
    : !!str "Sammy",
    ? !!str "last"
    : !!str "Sosa",
  }
  : !!map {
    ? !!str "hr"
    : !!int "65",
    ? !!str "avg"
    : !!float "0.278",
  },
}

Directives are instructions to the YAML processor. This specification defines two directives, “YAML” and “TAG”, and reserves all other directives for future use. There is no way to define private directives. This is intentional.

Directives are a presentation detail and must not be used to convey content information.

Each directive is specified on a separate non-indented line starting with the “%” indicator, followed by the directive name and a list of parameters. The semantics of these parameters depends on the specific directive. A YAML processor should ignore unknown directives with an appropriate warning.

%FOO  bar baz # Should be ignored
               # with a warning.
--- "foo"

%YAML 1.2
--- !!str
"foo"

Legend:
  ns-reserved-directive ns-directive-name ns-directive-parameter

%YAML 1.3 # Attempt parsing
           # with a warning
---
"foo"

%YAML 1.2
---
!!str "foo"

 Legend:
   ns-yaml-directive ns-yaml-version

%YAML 1.2
%YAML 1.1
foo

ERROR:
The YAML directive must only be
given at most once per document.

%TAG !yaml! tag:yaml.org,2002:
---
!yaml!str "foo"

%YAML 1.2
---
!!str "foo"

Legend:
  ns-tag-directive c-tag-handle ns-tag-prefix

%TAG ! !foo
%TAG ! !foo
bar

ERROR:
The TAG directive must only
be given at most once per
handle in the same document.

# Private
!foo "bar"
...
# Global
%TAG ! tag:example.com,2000:app/
---
!foo "bar"

%YAML 1.2
---
!<!foo> "bar"
...
---
!<tag:example.com,2000:app/foo> "bar"

Legend:
  c-primary-tag-handle

%TAG !! tag:example.com,2000:app/
---
!!int 1 - 3 # Interval, not integer

Legend:
  c-secondary-tag-handle

%YAML 1.2
---
!<tag:example.com,2000:app/int> "1 - 3"

%TAG !e! tag:example.com,2000:app/
---
!e!foo "bar"

Legend:
  c-named-tag-handle

%YAML 1.2
---
!<tag:example.com,2000:app/foo> "bar"

%TAG !m! !my-
--- # Bulb here
!m!light fluorescent
...
%TAG !m! !my-
--- # Color here
!m!light green

Legend:
  c-ns-local-tag-prefix

%YAML 1.2
---
!<!my-light> "fluorescent"
...
%YAML 1.2
---
!<!my-light> "green"

%TAG !e! tag:example.com,2000:app/
---
- !e!foo "bar"

Legend:
  ns-global-tag-prefix

%YAML 1.2
---
!<tag:example.com,2000:app/foo> "bar"

Each node may have two optional properties, anchor and tag, in addition to its content. Node properties may be specified in any order before the node’s content. Either or both may be omitted.

!!str &a1 "foo":
  !!str bar
&a2 baz : *a1

Legend:
  c-ns-properties(n,c)
  c-ns-anchor-property
  c-ns-tag-property

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? &B1 !!str "foo"
  : !!str "bar",
  ? !!str "baz"
  : *B1,
}

!<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> foo :
  !<!bar> baz

Legend:
  c-verbatim-tag

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> "foo"
  : !<!bar> "baz",
}

- !<!> foo
- !<$:?> bar

ERROR:
- Verbatim tags aren't resolved,
  so ! is invalid.
- The $:? tag is neither a global
  URI tag nor a local tag starting
  with “!”.

%TAG !e! tag:example.com,2000:app/
---
- !local foo
- !!str bar
- !e!tag%21 baz

Legend:
  c-ns-shorthand-tag

%YAML 1.2
---
!!seq [
  !<!local> "foo",
  !<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> "bar",
  !<tag:example.com,2000:app/tag!> "baz"
]

%TAG !e! tag:example,2000:app/
---
- !e! foo
- !h!bar baz

ERROR:
- The !o! handle has no suffix.
- The !h! handle wasn't declared.

# Assuming conventional resolution:
- "12"
- 12
- ! 12

Legend:
  c-non-specific-tag

%YAML 1.2
---
!!seq [
  !<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> "12",
  !<tag:yaml.org,2002:int> "12",
  !<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> "12",
]

First occurrence: &anchor Value
Second occurrence: *anchor

Legend:
  c-ns-anchor-property ns-anchor-name

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "First occurrence"
  : &A !!str "Value",
  ? !!str "Second occurrence"
  : *A,
}

Subsequent occurrences of a previously serialized node are presented as alias nodes. The first occurrence of the node must be marked by an anchor to allow subsequent occurrences to be presented as alias nodes.

An alias node is denoted by the “*” indicator. The alias refers to the most recent preceding node having the same anchor. It is an error for an alias node to use an anchor that does not previously occur in the document. It is not an error to specify an anchor that is not used by any alias node.

Note that an alias node must not specify any properties or content, as these were already specified at the first occurrence of the node.

First occurrence: &anchor Foo
Second occurrence: *anchor
Override anchor: &anchor Bar
Reuse anchor: *anchor

Legend:
  c-ns-alias-node ns-anchor-name

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "First occurrence"
  : &A !!str "Foo",
  ? !!str "Override anchor"
  : &B !!str "Bar",
  ? !!str "Second occurrence"
  : *A,
  ? !!str "Reuse anchor"
  : *B,
}

YAML allows the node content to be omitted in many cases. Nodes with empty content are interpreted as if they were plain scalars with an empty value. Such nodes are commonly resolved to a “null” value.

In the examples, empty scalars are sometimes displayed as the glyph “°” for clarity. Note that this glyph corresponds to a position in the characters stream rather than to an actual character.

{
  foo : !!str°,
  !!str° : bar,
}

Legend:
  e-scalar

%YAML 1.2
---
!!map {
  ? !!str "foo" : !!str "",
  ? !!str ""    : !!str "bar",
}